The blackspotted smooth-hound, Mustelus punctulatus, is a houndshark of the family Triakidae, found on the continental shelves of the subtropical eastern Atlantic from the Mediterranean to the Western Sahara between latitudes 45° N and 20° N, from the surface to 250 m.
It is best known for the fact that it's located on the 45th parallel north.
The shortspine spurdog, Squalus mitsukurii, is a dogfish, a member of the family Squalidae, found around the world on continental shelves in temperate and subtropical oceans between latitudes 45°N and 55°S, from the surface to 950 m.
The starspotted smooth-hound, Mustelus manazo, is a houndshark of the family Triakidae, found in the western Indian Ocean between latitudes 45° N and 10° S, from the surface to 360 m.
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From August until November 1616, the New Netherland Company, which had an exclusive trading patent for the New Netherland territory between 40° and 45° latitude, had tried unsuccessfully to obtain an exclusive patent from the States General of the Dutch Republic for the territory between 38° and 40° latitude.