The Ainu people (Айны), also called Kurile (Куриль), Kamchatka's Kurile (Камчатские Куриль / Камчадальские Айны) or Ein (Ейны) can be subdivided into six groups.
During his stay in Japan, Penhallow travelled across the archipelago and among other accomplishments became the first westerner to stay with the Ainu peoples.
Authorities sent him to the remote community of Viakhtu, 100 km north of Port Aleksandrovsk, where he first began his ethnographic fieldwork on the Nivkhs, Oroks, and Ainu.
While living in Japan, N.A. Nevsky traveled around the country, studying the language and customs of the Ainu, Ryukyuans, and the Tsou people of Taiwan (then a part of the Japanese Empire).
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Anthropologist Joseph Deniker said that the very hairy peoples are the Ainus, Iranians, Australian aborigines, Toda, Dravidians and Melanesians while Deniker said the American Indian, San, Mongol and Malay people are glabrous (not hairy).
The Nibutani Dam was constructed in Nibutani (二風谷) district on the Saru River, though there was a strong objection due to a sacred meaning of the place for indigenous Ainu people.
The name Kamchadal was applied to the descendants of the local Russians and aboriginal peoples (the Itelmens, Ainu, Koryaks and Chuvans), who assimilated with the Russians.