During the 1980s, the department was the stronghold of the Farabundo Martí Popular Forces of Liberation (FPL), one of the two largest groups in the Frente Farabundo Martí Para la Liberacion Nacional (FMLN).
During the Salvadoran Civil War, the region was considered a stronghold for the rebel Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front.
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Costa Rica also hosted several rounds of negotiations between the Salvadoran Government and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), aiding El Salvador's efforts to emerge from civil war and culminating in that country's 1994 free and fair elections.
Agustín Farabundo Martí Rodríguez, for whom the FMLN or Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front was named, was born in Teotepeque on May 5, 1893.