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The range in Bolivia is bifurcated; in the north, the Long-tailed Potoo is found on the headwater rivers to Brazil's Amazonas state's Madeira River; in northeastern Bolivia, the bifurcated range extends only to the mountain headwaters of another tributary of the Madeira, the Brazilian-Bolivia Guaporé River.
Several large rivers have their origin on the plateau, notably the Guaporé, Juruena and Paraguay River.
Rodrigues (2007) considers the Proto-Tupian homeland to be somewhere between the Guaporé and Aripuanã rivers, in the Madeira River basin.
The bird's largest ranges are two areas: to the southwest in Amazonian eastern Peru, and to the south-central Amazon Basin to a combined headwater region of the Guaporé River and the Tapajós River.