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First, that the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic drift generate a cordon of warm water around the North Pole, which in turn holds in a frozen mass of Arctic air.
In May 2005, Peter Wadhams reported in The Times of London about the results of investigations in a submarine under the Arctic ice sheet measuring the giant chimneys of cold dense water, in which the cold dense water normally sinks down to the sea bed and is replaced by warm water, forming one of the engines of the North Atlantic Drift.