Oreochromis aureus is native to Northern and Western Africa, and the Middle East, from the Senegal, Niger, Benue and lower Nile rivers in Africa to the Jordan River in the Middle East.
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It turns north and then forms a portion of the border between Mali and Senegal, before joining the Sénégal River 50 km upstream of the town of Bakel in Senegal.
The Gouina Falls or Chutes de Gouina are on the Sénégal River in Mali between the towns of Bafoulabé (upstream) and Diamou (downstream) in the Kayes Region, where the river runs north from the Talari Gorges.
It is found exclusively in swamps and near vegetated edges in the Nile, Turkana, Chad, Niger, Volta, Senegal, and Gambia basins.
On 8 May 1819 Schmaltz signed the Treaty of Ndiaw with the Brak of Waalo, which resulted in the creation of a series of commercial posts along the Sénégal River(Bakel, 1820 ; Dagana, 1821 ; Merinaghen, 1822 ; Lampsar, 1843 ; Sénoudébou, 1845).
The species was first scientifically described by the famed French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1833 based on a specimen taken from the mouth of the Senegal River at Gorée, Senegal, which was designated to be the holotype.
The Talari Gorges or Gorges de Talary are a series of gorges on the Sénégal River in Mali, between the towns of Bafoulabé (upstream) and Galougo (downstream) in the Kayes Region, at an altitude of about 75 meters or 249 feet above sea level.
The best agricultural land along the Senegal River is in the alluvial valley between Bakel and Dagana, and this area is the most densely populated part of the valley.
The government of Mali is investigating the possibility of developing the electric power potential of the Senegal River: the smaller Félou Falls downstream and the Gouina Falls have the power potential of 100MW.
'Umar was defeated by the French at Medine in 1857, losing access to the territories further down the Senegal River.