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The Turkic peoples living along the river formerly referred to it as Itil or Atil "big river".
Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949), Soviet-backed Turkic people's republic in northern Xinjiang
The ancient Iranian peoples seem to have given this name to the tallest mountains in any area that they happened to live (exactly as the Turkic people did when they called all the tallest mountains in their sight, "Qaradağ"/Karadag, with the term qara/kara standing for great/big, as well as color black).