Panamá did not participate because of the recent political and military incidents.
On December 20, 1989, during the United States invasion of Panama, two Britten-Norman Islander aircraft owned by PARSA that were out of service due to the suspension of revenue service in the country were damaged beyond repair in crossfire and they were written off.
John A. Bushnell '51, Fulbright Scholar; deputy chief of mission to the U.S. embassy in Panama during the United States invasion of Panama; National Security Council member; nominee, U.S. ambassador to Costa Rica.
Even if some chorus are fully or partly in English the main lyrics of the songs use to in Spanish use English only for expressing sarcasm, satire or parody, as United States had traditionally had strong influence over Panama with military interventions with the last United States invasion of Panama occurring in 1989-1990.
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Operation Sand Flea was a series of training exercises for the December 1989 invasion of Panama by the United States.
Opposition election showed a win for Endara by a 3-to-1 margin over Noriega's candidate, Carlos Duque, but those elections were nullified by Noriega on the grounds of "foreign interference." Noriega was overthrown in the United States invasion of Panama a few months later.