The Tubes | vacuum cleaner | Vacuum Oil Company | Vacuum fluorescent display | Vax (vacuum) | '''Vallourec & Mannesmann Tubes''' sign in Belo Horizonte | Vacuum pump | Vacuum permeability | Vacuum forming | vacuum energy | Vacuum deposition | Vacuum cleaner | Shiva amplifier chains showing spatial filter tubes (white) and Nd:glass amplifier structures (short blue tubes closest to camera). Portions of the 1982 Disney film ''Tron | QCD vacuum | Pfeiffer Vacuum | Loose Tubes |
In Europe, the principal method of numbering vacuum tubes ("thermionic valves") was the nomenclature used by the Philips company and its subsidiaries Mullard in the UK, Valvo in Germany, and Dario in France, from 1934.
In the 1950s a 5-element system (GOST 5461-59, later 13393-76) was adopted in the (then) Soviet Union for designating receiver vacuum tubes.