In 1915, Günaltay was elected to the Ottoman Parliament as deputy of Bilecik Province from the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), and remained member of the parliament until its dissolution.
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After Prime Minister Hasan Saka's resignation, Günaltay was appointed by President İsmet İnönü to form his cabinet on January 16, 1949 that lasted until Adnan Menderes's Democratic Party took over the government on May 22, 1950 following the general elections.