They were particularly noticeable among opponents of Spain's Second Republic (1931–1939) – most significantly of the liberal and socialist governments of 1931–1933 and 1936 until the start of the Spanish Civil War.
•
Ultimately, the Spanish coup of July 1936 would represent a catastrophist insurrection, and would start the civil war.
•
The second group was the Alfonsine monarchists, who wanted a return to the military government of General Primo de Rivera and the monarchy, and ran the journal Acción Española.