Reverse Address Resolution Protocol or RARP, a protocol used to find the network layer address of a host, based only on the hardware address.
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Address Resolution Protocol or ARP, a computer networking protocol used to find out the hardware address of a host (usually a MAC address), when only the network layer address is known
Another common cause are hosts with ARP timers longer than the address cache timeout on switches—the switch forgets which port connects to the host.
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The Domain Name System maps its names to (and from) network-specific addresses (usually IP addresses), which in turn may be mapped to link layer network addresses via Address Resolution Protocol.