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In 1764 Adolphus Frederick was installed as a member of the Order of the Garter.
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He was born in Mirow to Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg and his wife Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen.
On 11 December 1752 his uncle Adolphus Frederick III died and as a result the older brother of Charles succeeded him becoming Adolphus Frederick IV.
Nevertheless, its princesses achieved prominent marriages: Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Duke Adolphus Frederick IV, married King George III in 1761, thus becoming queen consort of Great Britain.
Charles was born in Strelitz, the only son of the reigning Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Adolphus Frederick II, and his third wife, Princess Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.
She was the daughter of Albert of Mecklenburg, King of Sweden and Duke of Mecklenburg, and Richardis of Schwerin.