In July 2006, media reports indicated Hamas had successfully developed an indigenous variant of the Soviet-origin Katyusha rocket (BM-21 Grad) with a range of 24 kilometers.
The offensive apparently began in response to a Grad rocket barrage against besieging anti-Gaddafi forces originating from within the city.
Its 40 tubes are mounted on a Shaanxi Automobile Works Yan'an SX2150 six-by-six truck, which unlike the original Russian version, has a cab protected by blast shields.
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The Homicho Ammunition Engineering Complex produces the rockets while the Bishoftu Motorization Engineering Complex produces the launching tubes and has converted existing trucks to diesel engine.
At the beginning of the Second Chechen War, Chernokozovo defended by Chechen separatist forces and the Russians bombed the village and shelled it with the BM-21 Grad rocket artillery systems.
Mrkonjić Grad | Stari Grad | Gornji Grad | Novi Grad | BM-21 Grad | Stari Grad, Novi Sad | Grad | Volčji Grad | Stari Grad (Belgrade) | Stari Grad. | Post Grad | Novi Grad, Sarajevo | Stari Grad Plain | Stari Grad, Makole | Golem Grad |
Russian ground forces are expected to receive up to 30 Tornado-G systems in 2012, replacing the BM-21 Grad.The improved Tornado-S is being upgraded with the special GLONASS satellite navigation system used in the Smerch missile system.