Bischofsheim borders in the north on the town of Hochheim (Main-Taunus-Kreis), in the east on the town of Rüsselsheim, and in the south and west on the municipality of Ginsheim-Gustavsburg.
In the 1969 administrative reform, the Verbandsgemeinde of Bodenheim was formed out of the municipalities of Bodenheim, Gau-Bischofsheim, Harxheim, Lörzweiler and Nackenheim.
To distinguish the town from other towns named Bischofsheim, the name of the river Tauber was added to the name later.
In 1945, the American and French occupying authorities transferred Bischofsheim to American administration and several months later it became part of the new state of Hesse.
With the establishment of the present State of Hesse, Wimpfen and Steinbach were separated from the Starkenburg region; in turn, the Bischofsheim and Ginsheim-Gustavsburg quarters of the City of Mainz, located east of the Rhine River, passed to the Groß-Gerau district.