If spoke tension is increased beyond a safe level, the wheel spontaneously fails into a characteristic saddle shape (sometimes called a "taco" or a "pringle") like a three-dimensional Euler column.
The 1500-metre-tall Magnolia ETLP is excluded from the timeline because this offshore tension-leg oil platform is supported by the water, it is floating, and if the water were removed, the tension in its legs would most certainly cause it to buckle.
Together with the work of Charles Fairbairn, particularly in relation to Stephenson's tubular bridges such as Conwy, there was an increased understanding of how beams in compression would fail by buckling.
In 1949, Farrar made in-flight observations of wing buckling in a Bristol Freighter, which then did full power engine cut tests.
A particular innovation was his Gaussian vault, a thin-shell structure for roofs in single-thickness brick, that derives its stiffness and strength from a double curvature catenary arch form that resists buckling failure.