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In Classical Sanskrit, it refers to an epoch or period, especially one of the six seasons or ritus in the Hindu calendar, Vasanta/Basant "spring", Grishma "the hot season", Varsha "the rainy season", Sharad "autumn", Hemant "winter"; and Shishir "the cool season", or the menstrual cycle.
A "classical" period usually corresponds to a flowering of literature following an "archaic" period, such as Classical Latin succeeding Old Latin, Classical Sumerian succeeding Archaic Sumerian, Classical Sanskrit succeeding Vedic Sanskrit, Classical Persian succeeding Old Persian.