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He was a member of the Republican National Committee from 1868 through 1880; elected as a Republican to the 42nd and 43rd congresses (March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1875); He was chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs (Forty-third Congress); was not a candidate for renomination in 1874.
With the assistance of advocate Charles C. Painter of the Indian Rights Association, the Kickapoo presented their case to the House Committee on Indian Affairs Painter alleged the Commission had used, "trickery, coercion, threats and cunning," and had also, "over-reached and defrauded" the Kickapoo.
He served as chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs (Seventy-eighth Congress).
He served as chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs (Sixty-second through Sixty-fourth Congresses).
Shanks was elected to the Fortieth and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1867-March 3, 1875) and served as chairman of the Committee on Militia (Forty-first Congress) and the Committee on Indian Affairs (Forty-second Congress).
He served as chairman of the House Committee on Indian Affairs (Forty-eighth and Forty-ninth Congresses).
For the 42nd Congress, he was a member of the Committee on Freedmen's Affairs, and for the 43rd Congress, he was a member of the Committee on Indian Affairs.
He served as chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs (Fiftieth and Fifty-second Congresses).
He served as chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs (Sixty-ninth through Seventy-first Congresses).