He stayed on in Washington, where he died from a morphine overdose in 1846 and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery, passing his botanical collection to his nephew Sir Charles James Fox Bunbury.
O. B. Brown's body was buried in the Congressional Cemetery; the remains were moved to Oak Hill Cemetery on November 10, 1868.
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He was elected as a Jacksonian Democrat to the 22nd Congress and served from March 4, 1831, until his death by drowning near one of the docks in Alexandria, Virginia at the age of 37, on June 17, 1832, and is interred in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.