In 1974, he received a Doctorat d'Etat et Sciences Physiques degree from the University of Paris-Orsay.
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The resulting theory is not intended to replace Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics, but rather supplement it, such as in the case of anomalous systems characterised by non-ergodicity or metastable states.
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#That a longstanding quasi-stationary state (QSS) was expected in LONG-range interacting Hamiltonian systems (one of the core problems of statistical mechanics).