Until the 19th Century the main economic activities were grain cultivation in a three-field system and hemp production.
Prior to the mid 18th century, most farmers in England rotated their crops across three or four strips of land- see Crop rotation, and ‘rights of common’- see common land were claimed for grazing the unfenced land.
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He started Swanton Berry Farm in 1983 near Santa Cruz, California and subsequently developed a wide range of new methods, which include crop rotations, such as broccoli and brussels sprouts, trap crops such as mustard and alfalfa, and the use of natural predators, to control strawberry specific pests and diseases.
According to Serer cosmogony, the Saas tree (acacia albida) which is considered to be a fertlity tree and a tree of life among the Serers is abundant in this area which assist in crop rotation and intensive farming.
Townshend introduced to England the four-field crop rotation pioneered by farmers in the Waasland region in the early 18th century.