The refuge is an important staging area for migratory birds, and is used as well for the management and study of endangered species such as the Northeastern Beach Tiger Beetle and Piping Plover.
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Much of the land was previously part of Fort John Custis, a base used by the United States Air Force until 1981; also within the refuge's boundaries is Fisherman Island, classed as a "Wetland of International Importance".
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