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Frank A. Perret became involved in the development of the theory of EMF (s:.Counter-electromotive force, CEMF).
The basic idea of chemical generation of electricity was old, tracing back to the epic discovery by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta in 1795, who found that when two dissimilar metals are placed in an electrically conductive fluid an electromotive force is set up and electricity generated.
In 1932, Merle Randall authored two scientific papers with Mikkel Frandsen: “The Standard Electrode Potential of Iron and the Activity Coefficient of Ferrous Chloride,” and “Determination of the Free Energy of Ferrous Hydroxide from Measurements of Electromotive Force.”