In the eastern Mediterranean, Genoa was greatly advanced by the Treaty of Nymphaeum (1261) with the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, which, in exchange for the aid to the Byzantine reconquest of Constantinople, actually ousted the Venetians from the straits leading to the Black Sea.
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The participation of the city's ships to the Crusades (in particular the conquests of Antiochia and Acre) enriched it enormously.
Genoese | Secretary of State for the Colonies | Thirteen Colonies | Secretary of State for War and the Colonies | Twelve Colonies | Thirteen colonies | thirteen colonies | Mormon colonies in Mexico | Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies | Shown above as a result of a 7 week period where the columns have been allowed to grow algae, cyanobacteria and other bacterial colonies. Of specific interest are the red regions of the middle column, indicative of purple non-sulfur bacteria (e.g. ''Rhodospirillaceae | Genoese dialect | Destruction of the Twelve Colonies | Amana Colonies |
In 1453 the Republic handed over governance of Corsica, Gazaria, and a number of other possessions to Bank officials, though over the course of the fifteenth century the Republic gradually reclaimed many of its territories from Bank control.
The region fell under Genoese control in the 14th century and formed part of the protectorate of Gazaria, based at Kaffa.