#Zhiyan (Chih-yen), 智儼, considered to have established the basic doctrines of the sect;
Zhiyan (智儼) (602–668) was the second patriarch of the Chinese Buddhist Huayan school.
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While the original Hindu concept was developed and explained in various Dharmic philosophical texts of ancient India, the Buddhist version of the metaphor was later developed by the Mahayana school in the 3rd century scriptures of the Avatamsaka Sutra and later by the Huayan school between the 6th and 8th centuries.
The Buddhism in Xixia is generally believed to be an amalgamation of Tibetan and Chinese traditions, among which Huayan Chan (tradition of Guifeng Zongmi (Chinese: 圭峰宗密), 780–841, his master Huayan Chengguan) was the most influential.
He traveled to China, studying at Mount Zhongnan as a student of the influential Huayan master Zhiyan (智儼) and as a senior colleague of Fazang (法藏), with whom he established a lifelong correspondence.
The greatest lasting impact of the Huayan school was to be seen in Korea, where it was transmitted by Uisang (hangul:의상대사 625-702), who had been, along with Fazang, a student of Zhiyan.