Shermer uses The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray (author) as an example of pigeonholing; Herrnstein and Murray tried to pigeonhole civilization into racial categories based on intelligence (Shermer 2002, 242-244).
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Alice Beck Kehoe begins her argument with the very blunt phrase that diffusionism is a "grossly racist ideology"(Kehoe 2008, 144) and though she agrees that diffusion of culture can be done through contact and trading, she disagrees with the theory that civilization came from one superior ancient society (Kehoe 2008, 148).
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