With the evolving need to train more clinically oriented interventionists, two alternative pathways to achieve certification in IR have been established through the leadership of the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR): The DIRECT and Clinical pathways.
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Microwave ablation, a type of interventional radiology, is an ISM application which treats solid tumors through the use of RF heating.
Early leaders of the field included Russian surgeon Nikolai Korotkov, noted for developing early surgical techniques, American interventional radiologist Charles Theodore Dotter who is credited with inventing minimally invasive angioplasty, and Australian Robert Paton, who helped the field achieve recognition as a specialty.
They would meet in 1963 at the Czechoslovak Radiologic Congress in Karlovy Vary, where Dotter gave his infamous lecture on angiography, effectively creating the field of interventional radiology.