In 1549 John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg gained a majority of deputies of the united Landtag of the separate duchies of Mecklenburg (Mecklenburg-Güstrow, -Schwerin and -Strelitz) to officially introduce Lutheran confession as state religion in the duchies.
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Charles was born in Strelitz, the only son of the reigning Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Adolphus Frederick II, and his third wife, Princess Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.
When is father died in 1547, John Albert and his brothers Ulrich III and George were jointly invested with the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Güstrow by Emperor Charles V.
She was the daughter of Albert of Mecklenburg, King of Sweden and Duke of Mecklenburg, and Richardis of Schwerin.