Modular arithmetic: Part of a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" upon reaching a certain value—the modulus.
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However, one can combine these remainders recursively to reduce the cost, using the following trick: if we want to evaluate modulo two polynomials and , we can first take the remainder modulo their product , which reduces the degree of the polynomial and makes subsequent modulo operations less computationally expensive.
On 18 Jun 2005, Antoine Joux and Reynald Lercier announced the computation of a discrete logarithm modulo a 130-digit (431-bit) strong prime in three weeks, using a 1.15 GHz 16-processor HP AlphaServer GS1280 computer and a number field sieve algorithm.
The linear map in modulo 2 can further be identified as the cellular automata denoted as rule 102 in Wolfram code and related to rule 90 through the Martin-Odlyzko-Wolfram map.
When hex dumps are intended to be manually entered into a computer, such as was the case with print magazine articles of home computer era a checksum byte (or two) would be added at the end of each row, commonly calculated as simple 256 modulo of sum of all values in the row or a more sophisticated CRC.
;XOR (balance-xor): Transmit network packets based on (source MAC address XOR'd with destination MAC address) modulo NIC slave count.
There are two modulo 11 algorithms which use different repeated weighting factor patterns: the IBM algorithm which uses (2,3,4,5,6,7), and the NCR algorithm which uses (2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9).
Then, for any sets U and V, by the Chinese remainder theorem, the numbers that are quadratic resides modulo every prime in U and nonresidues modulo every prime in V form a periodic sequence, so by Dirichlet's theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions this number-theoretic graph has the extension property.