In 1820, Smith manumitted his slaves, but Jack refused the freedom he was offered and remained on the family estate until his death.
Not all citizens, however, held the same rights and privileges (women were citizens, but could not vote or hold public office; see Roman citizenship).
•
In the two decades following the American Revolutionary War, numerous slaveholders accomplished manumissions by deed or in wills, so that the percentage of free blacks to the total number of blacks rose from less than one percent to 10 percent in the Upper South.
•
In the nineteenth century, slave revolts such as the Haitian Revolution and especially the 1831 rebellion led by Nat Turner increased slaveholder fears, and most southern states passed laws making manumission nearly impossible until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished slavery after the American Civil War in 1866.
An ex-slave named George Erskine studied there in 1819, sponsored by the Manumission Society of Tennessee.
Slaves in Moçâmedes, among other cities in Angola, campaigned for abolition and manumission.
Rogers was a director of the First Bank of the United States in 1793, governor of New York Hospital from 1792 to 1797, and a supporter of the New York Society for the Manumission of Slaves.