While the precise period during which the Mercian Supremacy existed remains uncertain (depending upon whether the reigns of Penda and Wulfhere are included), the end of the era is generally agreed to be around 825, following the defeat of King Beornwulf at the Battle of Ellandun, (near the present Swindon).
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Mercia’s hold over the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Essex, Sussex and Kent seems to have been tenuous until 716, when Æthelbald of Mercia restored Mercia’s hegemony for over forty years.
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Some historians have suggested that it was Offa’s defeat of the Welsh and the West Saxons of Wessex that established the Mercian Supremacy, which remained unchallenged until 825 when Egbert of Wessex supported an East Anglian rebellion against Beornwulf of Mercia, whose death at Ellandun effectively brought the Supremacy to an end.
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During this period of expansion, the Mercian province of Lindsey was lost to Northumbria in 661, but its recapture by Æthelred of Mercia, following the Battle of the Trent in 679, secured Mercia’s position as the dominant Anglo-Saxon power for over a century.
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