Campbell argues that in 19th-century Madagascar the human factor, in the form of the Merina state, was the predominant demographic influence.
Meanwhile in Europe, diplomats partitioning the African continent worked out an agreement whereby Britain, in order to obtain the Sultanate of Zanzibar, ceded its rights over Heligoland to the German Empire and renounced all claims to Madagascar in favour of France.
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He was the son of Henri Razafinkarefo, nephew of Queen Ranavalona III of Imerina, and Jennie (Waller) Razafinkarefo, the daughter of John L. Waller, the first African American consul to Imerina.
Following the French capture of the queen's palace at the capital city of Antananarivo in the fall of 1895, the Merina Kingdom's Prime Minister for 31 years prior, Rainilaiarivony, was removed from his post and placed under house arrest by the French Governor-General.