However, the Diyala Province and Kifri which were once mainly Turkoman cities have been heavily Kurdified and Arabified.
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Although they are Muslims and Arabic-speakers, Afro-Iraqis also retain some cultural and religious traditions from their ancestral homeland.
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In the mid-800s, black slaves around Basra rose in a rebellion, conquering their former masters and ruling the city for 15 years before being put down by forces sent by the Caliph in Baghdad.
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When Saddam Hussein embarked on a war with Iran he dredged the Shi'i and Mandaean inhabited marshes of Southern Iraq, causing damage to the ancient culture of the Mandaean people who have lived amongst the reeds since Sumerian times.
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