Bernard Lewis is the best-known exponent of the idea of the "humiliation" of the Islamic world through globalization.
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Some middle-east scholars like Michael Scott Doran and Peter Bergen have argued that 9/11 was a strategic way to provoke America into a war that incites a pan-Islamist revolution.
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Correspondent Peter Bergen argued that the attacks were part of a plan to cause the United States to increase its military and cultural presence in the Middle East, thereby forcing Muslims to confront the idea of a non-Muslim government and establish conservative Islamic governments in the region.
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Michael Scott Doran argued that the attacks are best understood as being part of a religious conflict within the Muslim world.
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