X-Nico

99 unusual facts about Ohio


110 N. Main Street

110 N. Main Street is an office tower located in downtown Dayton, Ohio.

155th Ohio Infantry

Five companies of the 155th were from Pickaway County, Ohio—A, C, E, H, & I. Company H showed 83 men on the official roster; however two of the men never mustered, and another was discharged the day after muster on a Surgeon's Certificate of Disability.

174th Brigade

174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), a major subordinate command of the Ohio Army National Guard located in Columbus, Ohio.

17th Ohio Battery

The battery was organized in Dayton, Ohio and mustered in August 21, 1862 for a three year enlistment under Captain Ambrose A. Blount.

Alija Izetbegović

The parties agreed to meet at Dayton, Ohio to negotiate a peace treaty under the supervision of the United States.

Amos H. Jackson

He settled in Fremont, Ohio, in 1882 and engaged in the retail dry goods and shoe business and later engaged in manufactures.

Bert the Conqueror

There are also episodes which took place in a single amusement park, such as Cedar Point, in which Bert rode 4 roller coasters at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio.

Bowlus BZ-1

Frazier never completed the project and it was subsequently purchased by Michael Bowlus of Worthington, Ohio.

Bracken County, Kentucky

A network of citizens sympathetic to escaping slaves helped them cross the Ohio River to nearby Ripley, Ohio and other points north.

Buffington Island

During the American Civil War, the Battle of Buffington Island took place on July 19, 1863, just south of the Ohio community of Portland.

Cassella

Cassella, Ohio, an unincorporated community in Marion Township, Mercer County, United States

Charles B. McClintock

Born in Paint Township, Wayne County, Ohio, near Beach City, Stark County, McClintock was educated in the public schools.

Charles Owsley

The majority of Owsley's work was in the Mahoning Valley area of Northeast Ohio and Western Pennsylvania, and several of his significant buildings remain in Youngstown, Ohio, Sharon, Pennsylvania, and Salem, Ohio.

Contaminated currency

In a study reported in Forensic Science International, A.J. Jenkins, at the Office of the Cuyahoga County Coroner (Cleveland, OH), the author reports the analysis of ten randomly collected one-dollar bills from five cities, and tested for cocaine, heroin, 6-acetylmorphine (also called "6-AM"), morphine, codeine, methamphetamine, amphetamine and phencyclidine (PCP).

Crosley Broadcasting Corporation

During World War II, Crosley built the Bethany Relay Station in Butler County, Ohio's Union Township, one mile west of its transmitter for WLW, for the Office of War Information.

DeVier Posey

Posey attended La Salle High School in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Donald Metcalf

His autobiography is Summon up the Blood: In dogged pursuit of the blood cell regulators (AlphaMed Press, Dayton, Ohio, USA, 2000. ISBN 1-880854-28-7.)

E-tran

e-tran currently operates older Gold Coast Transit (formerly South Coast Area Transit) CNG buses from Oxnard, CA, and Akron Metro Regional Transit Authority CNG buses from Akron, Ohio painted with the e-tran paint scheme.

Edgar Odell Lovett

Lovett was born in Shreve, Ohio, to Zephania and Maria Elizabeth (née Spreng) Lovett.

Elizabeth Ann Blaesing

Elizabeth Ann Britton Harding Blaesing (October 22, 1919 – November 17, 2005) was the alleged illegitimate daughter of Warren G. Harding, the 29th President of the United States, and Nan Britton, a native of Marion, Ohio.

Ellen Palmer Allerton

Her husband, born February 18, 1831, was native of Cuyahoga County, Ohio and a descendent of Isaac Allerton who, along with his wife and children, had made passage aboard the Mayflower on its maiden voyage to Plymouth Rock.

FirstMerit Corporation

FirstMerit Corporation is a diversified financial services company headquartered in Akron, Ohio, with assets of approximately $24.1 billion as of close of business September 30, 2013, and 412 banking offices and 440 ATM locations in Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois and Pennsylvania.

George H. Clark

Clark was born to James J. and Ada Schlabach Clark of Canton, Ohio.

Great Blizzard of 1899

Milligan, Ohio: −39 °F (−39 °C) (still the all-time record low for Ohio)

Great Mound

Great Mound (Marietta, Ohio), at Mound Cemetery, aka "Conus" or "Mound Cemetery Mound" (NRHP site #73001549), listed on the NRHP in Washington County, Ohio

Harrison H. Dodd

In his early adult life he moved to Toledo, Ohio, where he unsuccessfully ran for mayor under the Know-Nothing Party banner in 1855.

Henry D. Hatfield

He graduated from Franklin College in New Athens, Ohio.

Henry Louis Rietz

Henry Louis Rietz (24 August 1875, Gilmore, Ohio – 7 December 1943, Iowa City, Iowa) was an American mathematician, actuarial scientist, and statistician, who was a leader in the development of statistical theory.

Heritage Village Museum

The village is located within Sharon Woods Park in Sharonville, Ohio.

Homer Burton Adkins

Adkins was born on January 16, 1892, in Newport, Ohio, the son of Emily (née Middleswart) and Alvin Adkins.

Hubert Howe Bancroft

Bancroft was born in Granville, Ohio to Azariah Ashley Bancroft and Lucy Howe Bancroft.

Hueston Woods State Park

The park lies in Oxford Township, Butler County, and Israel Township, Preble County.

Indiana Northeastern Railroad

In Ohio, the INR extends east-northeast from the state line to the Williams County villages of Edon and Montpelier.

Ironton–Russell Bridge

Soon, the Ironton-Russell bridge was followed by numerous others at Ashland, Portsmouth, and Huntington.

J. Garber Drushal

Garber Drushal (July 16, 1912 – December 3, 1982) was the eighth President of The College of Wooster, in Wooster, Ohio USA.

James Martin Bell

He was admitted to the bar in 1817 and commenced practice in Cambridge, Ohio.

Jan Davidsz. de Heem

A 1645 still life of a feast of fruit and lobster is in the gallery at the Allen Memorial Art Museum in Oberlin, Ohio.

Jefferson Thomas

Thomas resided in Columbus, Ohio with his wife, Mary, and a granddaughter, Amber.

Jerry Lynn Young

After only a month on the run, Young was arrested with accomplice William Webb by FBI agents as they left their motel room in Akron, Ohio on June 15.

John B. McClelland

He was captured by American Indians during the Crawford Expedition and tortured to death at the Shawnee town of Wakatomika, which is currently located in Logan County, Ohio, about halfway between West Liberty, Ohio and Zanesfield, Ohio.

John G. Woolley

Woolley was born in Collinsville, Ohio, on February 15, 1850, and graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1871, later gaining admission to the Illinois bar.

Jorge Gurgel

He currently resides in West Chester, Ohio.

Judy Dodge

As of January 14, 2008, Dodge was elected as President of the Montgomery County, Ohio Commission.

Kansas City massacre

Death of Floyd: After an intensive search, the FBI and a team of local police officers located Pretty Boy Floyd hiding on a farm just outside Clarkson, Ohio, on October 22, 1934.

Kingsville Academy

Kingsville Academy was a school which was chartered in Kingsville, Ohio in 1834.

KRTM

On February 1, 2012, Calvary Chapel started WTPG-FM 88.9, a 11 kW station outside of Whitehouse, Ohio and serves the Toledo, Ohio market.

Lakeside, Ohio

It is located in Ottawa County's Danbury Township, near the town of Marblehead.

Lenny Simonetti

After his football career, Simonetti worked as a weighmaster for the state of Ohio in Bolivar.

Lot Hathaway House

The Lot Hathaway House is a historic residence near East Claridon in the Connecticut Western Reserve region of the U.S. state of Ohio.

Lou Blessing

As an attorney, Blessing worked from the Hamilton County Common Pleas Court before being elected as a Colerain Township Trustee.

Mantua, Utah

Snow was from Mantua, Ohio, and the town was named after the Ohio community in his honor.

Mark Romanchuk

Romanchuk represents the 124,475 residents of Richland County, including Mansfield, Shelby, Ontario, Lexington and Bellville, Ohio.

Market socialism

These included "Utopia" and "Modern Times."

Marti Jones

Marti Jones is a singer and painter originally from Uniontown, Ohio.

Mary Maurice

Mary Maurice (15 November 1844, Morristown, Ohio – 30 April 1918, Port Carbon, Pennsylvania) was an American actress, who appeared 139 films between 1909 and 1918.

McCann brothers

The elder Arthur and his brother, Thomas, came to Clinton County, Ohio, in 1811, shortly after it was founded in 1810.

McLaughlin Mound

In 1972, the McLaughlin Mound was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its archaeological significance; it is one of three Knox County mounds on the Register, along with the Raleigh and Stackhouse Mounds near Fredericktown to the northwest.

Melon heads

Legend holds that the melon heads may be sighted along Wisner Road in Kirtland, and Chardon Township.

Miami-Erie Canal Site Historic District

Miami-Erie Canal Site Historic District is a registered historic district near West Chester, Ohio, listed in the National Register of Historic Places on 1978-12-18.

Michael Henne

In the Republican primary, he faced Butler Township Trustee Joe Ellis.

Mike Rice Jr.

He attended Boardman High School in Boardman, Ohio where he was a three year starter as a basketball guard.

Mike Trgovac

Trgovac was an all-state defensive lineman at Fitch High School in Austintown, Ohio.

Miles Coolidge

In 2002 he was commissioned by the Socrates Sculpture Park in Queens, New York to design a billboard for the park's entrance, titled The Serpent Mound, Adams County, Ohio.

Morris Schaff

Morris Schaff (1840–1929), was a native of Etna Township, Ohio, USA.

Mouse Island

Mouse Island, Ohio, a private island in Lake Erie in Ohio, United States

Mudsummer Classic

The CarCash Mudsummer Classic Presented by CNBC Prime’s 'The Profit' is a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race held at Eldora Speedway in Rossburg, Ohio.

Nationwide Children's Hospital Championship

It was played for the first time in July 2007 at The Ohio State University Golf Club's Scarlet Course in Upper Arlington, Ohio.

Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad

Engine 10 was built by Fate-Root-Heath Company of Plymouth, Ohio, and was in service only during the first six months of 1936.

Oh Johnny, Oh Johnny, Oh!

According to an August 1945 United Press article, Ed Rose (lyricist) wrote the song when his friends, Mr. and Mrs. John Hansen of Akron, Ohio, began dating while attending college in Indiana.

Ohio's 5th congressional district special election, 2007

Robin Weirauch, public administrator, 2004 and 2006 Democratic nominee

Oliver Spencer

When he arrived in Columbia, Ohio, the governor of the territory Arthur St. Clair made him the colonel of the local militia and probate judge for Hamilton County.

Oscar W. Ritchie

He was also an active member of the Massillon Urban League and the Canton NAACP, which recognized his work as the leader of their local recruitment drive in the 1950s, that nearly doubled the size of their local membership.

Page Plus Cellular

Page Plus is headquartered in Holland, Ohio, is owned by Abdul Yassine, and as of January 2014, the Better Business Bureau has given it a rating of A+ with 151 complaints closed in the last 3 years.

Paul Fritts

The Fritts organ at St. Joseph Cathedral in Columbus, Ohio is his largest instrument to date, with three manuals (keyboards) and 66 stops.

Pee Wee Hunt

Pee Wee Hunt (May 10, 1907, Mount Healthy, Ohio – June 22, 1979 in Plymouth, Massachusetts), born Walter Gerhardt Hunt, was a jazz trombonist, vocalist and band leader.

Petroleum industry in Ohio

This well is located in Mecca Township, Trumbull County, northeast of Warren.

PM Toledo Division

The Toledo Division was the southern half of the Pere Marquette Railway's main line, which ran from Ludington, Michigan (on the coast of Lake Michigan) to Toledo, Ohio (on the coast of Lake Erie).

Port Columbus Airport Crossover Taxiway Bridge

The Port Columbus Airport Crossover Taxiway Bridge is an aircraft taxiway bridge located at Port Columbus International Airport in Columbus, Ohio.

Precious Bunny

After his three-year-old season he retired to stud at Hickory Lane Horse Farm in Findlay, Ohio.

Ralph Tasker

After attending Alderson-Broaddus College on a basketball scholarship, Tasker became the head basketball coach at the high school in Sulphur Springs, Ohio.

Rome apple

The Rome apple (also known as Red Rome or Rome Beauty) is a cooking apple originating near Rome Township, Ohio in the early 19th century.

Rosicrucian Fellowship

The first Rosicrucian study center had been already previously formed in Columbus, Ohio (November 14, 1908), where Heindel lectured and taught for a number of months.

Ryan Radcliff

Racliff played high school football for Fairview High School in Sherwood, Ohio.

Sidney Rigdon

He moved in May to Trumbull County, Ohio, where he jointly preached with Adamson Bentley from July 1819.

Silver Fox rabbit

The Silver Fox breed was developed after 14 years of selective breeding by Walter B. Garland of North Canton, Ohio and was the third breed to be developed in the United States.

Springfield, Colorado

According to the Plainsman Herald from March 1988, the town was settled in 1888 or 1889 by Frank Pierce Tipton (DPOB 10 December 1852, Gallipolis, Ohio) who had travelled to Springfield from Moulton, Iowa, via Springfield, Missouri, in 1886 or 1887 in a covered wagon.

Swangin

The clip includes scenes of Stalley and his friends cruising around his hometown of Massillon, Ohio in customized vehicles.

The Last Flower

On Thurber's tombstone at Green Lawn Cemetery a version of The Last Flower is etched.

The Ramisco Maki Maki Rocking Horse

Most notably, a giant rocking chair in Austinburg, Ohio, a field of giant corn cobs in Dublin, Ohio and Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park in Hodgenville, Kentucky.

Tinkerbelle

Robert Manry's wife Virginia and his children, Robin and Douglas, were also there, having been flown in from Willowick, Ohio.

Tirrel Burton

Burton began a long career as a college football coach in 1968, accepting a position as an assistant football coach at the historically black Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio.

Waycross Community Media

WCM programming can be seen on Time Warner Cable in the Cincinnati suburbs of Forest Park, Greenhills, Springfield Township and Colerain Township

Wayne A. Cauthen

Wayne Cauthen grew up in Englewood, New Jersey and graduated Cum Laude from Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio, and attended graduate school at the University of Colorado.

West Chester, Ohio

Olde West Chester, Ohio, the original settlement that gave its name to the township.

Westel Willoughby, Jr.

-- A grammar fix may be needed here. -->The town of Willoughby, Ohio was named for Dr. Willoughby, and also the Willoughby Medical College (now a part of The Ohio State University College of Medicine).

William Axton Stokes

Stokes later served as a major in the U.S. Infantry during the American Civil War, including a period in 1861 commanding at the 18th U.S. Infantry Headquarters, Camp Thomas, Franklin County, Ohio.

William Lafayette Strong

He was born in Loudonville, Ohio; was a dry-goods salesman in Wooster and then in Manchester, Ohio; in 1853 went to New York City, where he engaged in similar business, and in 1869 became the head of the firm of William L. Strong & Co.

WIVM-LD

WIVN-LD is carried by Time Warner Cable on channel 4 & channel 989 in Tuscarawas, Holmes & Carroll Counties.

Young Eagles

In May 2009, EAA joined with Sporty's Pilot Shop of Batavia, Ohio, to provide the Next Step to the Young Eagles Flight experience.


1981 Cincinnati Open

The 1981 Cincinnati Open (also known as the 1981 ATP Championships for sponsorship reasons) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Lindner Family Tennis Center in Cincinnati, Ohio in the United States that was part of the 1981 Volvo Grand Prix.

2009 Marshall Thundering Herd football team

The schools, located 82 miles apart, played 52 times between 1905 and 2004 in "The Battle for the Bell," with the trophy symbolizing the Ohio River separating Ohio and West Virginia.

2010–11 Kent State Golden Flashes men's basketball team

Greene won the award by three votes over Julian Muvunga of Miami and D. J. Cooper of Ohio.

78th Ohio Infantry

The 78th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Louisville, Kentucky on July 11, 1865.

Adena

The Adena Mansion, Thomas Worthington's home and estate in Chillicothe, Ohio

Andrew S. Draper

He then served as a member of the Albany School-board, superintendent of the public instruction at New York City, and superintendent of schools at Cleveland, Ohio before becoming the President and Regent of the University of Illinois in 1894.

Electoral reform in Ohio

The head official in charge of voting procedures in the state of Ohio is the Secretary of State, a position that is currently held by Jennifer Brunner.

Emmet M. Walsh

He served as Bishop of Charleston, South Carolina (1927–1949) and Bishop of Youngstown, Ohio (1952–1968).

Forceythe Willson

In 1846, his father loaded the family and their belongings on a raft and floated down the Allegany and Ohio Rivers to Maysville, Kentucky.

Frederick Lucian Hosmer

Frederick Lucian Hosmer (1840-1929) was an American Unitarian minister who served congregations in Massachusetts, Illinois, Ohio, Missouri, and California and who wrote many significant hymns.

Guy Stern

After teaching at Columbia, he received an assistant professorship at Denison University in Ohio, and was later professor and head of the department for German Language and Literature at the University of Cincinnati in 1963.

Harold Burton

Harold Hitz Burton (1888–1964), mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, member of the United States Senate and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

Harry McGregor

J. Harry McGregor (1896–1958), Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio

Harry Toulmin

Harry Aubrey Toulmin, Sr. (1858–1942), Ohio lawyer who drafted the Wright Brothers' patent application for their "flying machine"

Henry B. Carrington

In 1847 he studied at Yale Law School, taught school briefly at a women's institute, and the following year moved to Columbus, Ohio, where he practiced his profession in partnership with William Dennison, Jr. (who was to become Governor of Ohio in 1860).

Huc-Mazelet Luquiens

The Bishop Museum (Honolulu, Hawaii), the Butler Institute of American Art (Youngstown, Ohio), the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, the Hawaii State Art Museum, the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Isaacs Art Center (Waimea, Hawaii), the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art (Kansas City, Missouri), the Hilo Art Museum (Hilo, Hawaii), the Isaacs Art Center (Waimea, Hawaii), and the Yale University Art Gallery are among the public collections holding prints by Huc-Mazelet Luquiens.

James Celebrezze

James Patrick Celebrezze (born February 7, 1938) is an American politician and jurist of the Ohio Democratic party, who served as a judge of the Cuyahoga County, Ohio, common pleas court (domestic relations division).

James Patton Brownlow

After a brief expedition to fight Native Americans (Indians) and guerrillas from North Carolina in Cocke County, Tennessee, Colonels Brownlow and Palmer with about one thousand men of the 1st Tennessee Cavalry, 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry and 10th Ohio Cavalry held the army's right wing, watching for arrival of a Confederate force reportedly approaching East Tennessee from North Carolina.

Jane Frazier

On October 1, 1755, while returning to her home from the Fort Cumberland Trading Post several miles away, Jane was captured by Indians and taken to the Miami River in Ohio.

John Barlow Hudson

Hudson has three degrees, finished in the California Institute Fine Arts, Valencia, CA in 1972 and 1972, and there is nother one institute, he learned at Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, OH.

John C. H. Lee

This section of the Ohio River Division of the Corps was tasked with completing a water-resources survey, as part of the Johnson Administration's War on Poverty.

John J. Gilligan

In 1964 he was elected to the Eighty-ninth Congress as a representative for Ohio's 1st district, serving from January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1967.

Jon Diebler

Diebler ended his high school career with 3,208 points, more than Ohio high school greats Jay Burson (2,958), LeBron James (2,646), Bob Huggins (2,438), Jerry Lucas (2,438), Jamar Butler (2,412) and Jim Jackson (2,328).

Legion of the United States

The British in Fort Miami refused to open the gates and the survivors were basically on their own.

LeRoy Homer, Jr.

Homer continued his military career as a member of the U.S. Air Force Reserve, initially as a C-141 instructor pilot with the 356th Airlift Squadron at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio, then subsequently as an Academy Liaison Officer, recruiting potential candidates for both the Air Force Academy and the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps.

Lybster

However, during the American Revolution, following some victories in the Ohio and Illinois territories, Patrick Sinclair felt it was necessary to move Fort Michilimackinac from its exposed location on the northernmost point of the lower peninsula of Michigan to Mackinac Island.

Michelle Schneider

Michelle G. Schneider, former Republican member of the Ohio House of Representatives

Neil Shepard

Shepard studied with William Tremblay for his Master's work at Colorado State University and with Stanley Plumly, Wayne Dodd, and Paul Nelson for his doctoral work at Ohio University.

Nobuo Tanaka

He graduated from the University of Tokyo in the field of economics in 1972, and has an MBA from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (1979).

Ohio State Route 80

Interstate 80 in Ohio, the only Ohio highway numbered 80 since about 1962

Oliver Everett

Everett was educated at St Aubyn's Preparatory School Woodford Green Essex having been Captain of the 1st XVFelsted, the Western Reserve Academy in Hudson, Ohio and at Christ's CollegeCambridge, and he has a masters degree in international relations from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, and did post-graduate work in international relations at the London School of Economics.

Osee M. Hall

Born in Conneaut, Ohio, he attended the local public schools and graduated from Hiram College in Ohio and from Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts in 1868.

Ralph Pomeroy Buckland

He attended the country schools, Tallmadge (Ohio) Academy, and Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio.

Robert Michael Dow Jr.

On December 2, 2010, Judge Dow ruled against five states (Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Minnesota, and Wisconsin), stating that five Chicago-area shipping locks will stay open despite the risk that Lake Michigan Asian carp pose to the multi-billion dollar fishing industry, saying not enough evidence was presented that indicated the danger was truly imminent.

Robert Pinn

The range, used by the university's ROTC component and NCAA rifle team, is one of the premier shooting facilities in the state of Ohio.

Sorta

SORTA, the Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority serving the Greater Cincinnati area.

Sunnyslope Mountain

John C. Lincoln, an Ohio inventor and industrialist who founded Lincoln Electric, relocated to the Sunnyslope district in 1931 with his wife Helen, to treat her tuberculosis; almost immediately, the Lincolns became major financial supporters of Desert Mission and took on key leadership roles in the organization for most of the remainder of their lives.

The Uh-Oh! Show

A more complete version of the film was screened at the Cinema Wasteland movie convention in Strongsville, Ohio in October 2010, with Mr. Lewis in attendance.

Thomas Hogg

Thomas Hogg (MR&LE) (1808–1881), English-born chief mechanical engineer for the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, the first railroad in Ohio

Tim Greenwood

Currently, he serves as outside counsel for the Ohio Attorney General and is the Law Director of Sylvania Township.

U.S. Route 6 in Ohio

The route was not extended into Ohio until 1931, when the highway was expanded to Greeley, Colorado.

Violence Against Women Act

However, several of them, including Steve King (R-Iowa), Bill Johnson (R-Ohio), Tim Walberg (R-Michigan), Vicky Hartzler (R-Missouri), Keith Rothfus (R-Pennsylvania), and Tim Murphy (R-Pennsylvania), later claimed to have voted in favor of the act.

Walter Stone

Walter F. Stone (1822–1874), Republican politician and judge in Ohio

WFGA

Although its city of license is in Ohio, WFGA now primarily concentrates on serving the Auburn and Garrett area in northeastern Indiana, where its signal is much stronger than in Fort Wayne.

WGAR

WGAR-FM, a radio station (99.5 FM) licensed to Cleveland, Ohio, United States, which has carried the WGAR-FM callsign twice (1952–70, 1984–present)

William Harvey Gibson

Among Gibson's early schoolmates were Anson Burlingame (diplomat), Consul Wilshire Butterfield (author and historian), O. D. Conger (U.S. Congressman and U.S. Senator from Michigan), and Charles Foster (35th Governor of Ohio and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury).

WLYT

WKRK-FM, a radio station (92.3 FM) licensed to Cleveland Heights, Ohio, United States, which carried the WLYT callsign from 1971 to 1983