He was the son of Orazio Ludovisi, patrician of Bologna and commander-in-chief of the Papal Army (as well as brother of Pope Gregory XV), and Lavinia Albergati.
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Aldobrandini was born 20 April 1623, the daughter of Giorgio Aldobrandini (Prince of Meldola, Sarsina and Rossano) and Ippolita Ludovisi (daughter of Orazio Ludovisi, sister of Niccolò Ludovisi and a niece of Pope Gregory XV).