Literary critics are not sure to which literary movement Augusto dos Anjos belong: some say he was a Symbolist and some say he was a Parnassian, although Ferreira Gullar classifies him as being a Pre-Modernist.
Couperus biographer, Frédéric Bastet, described Couperus' poems as: Bacchantes, odalisques, sirens and eunuchs populate this Parnassiens-poetry, but they remain opera characters without much content.