Heterorhabditis nematodes are hosts for the Photorhabdus bacterial symbiont.
Use of Photorhabdus species alone as biopesticide, independent of its nematode symbiont against the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris brassicae, mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae and the pupae of the diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella has been demonstrated successful.