On December 25, 1991, following the fall of the Soviet Union, Makhnovist soldiers entered the region with the intention of overthrowing the government, and establishing an anarchist rule.
It remains controversial to this day, continuing to inspire some anarchists (notably the platformism tendency) because of the clarity and functionality of the structures it proposes, while drawing criticism from others (including, at the time of publication, Voline and Malatesta) who viewed its implications as too rigid and hierarchical.