These forces are natural selection, mutation, drift, and migration.
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During his graduate study, Wagner worked with the Viennese zoologist Rupert Riedl and the theoretical chemist Peter Schuster, and finished his PhD in theoretical population genetics in 1979.
Much confusion exists over the exact limits of its distribution in the south-central Amazon, where the very similar Scaled Ground Cuckoo occurs (the breast-markings typically used to separate the Scaled and the Rufous-vented Ground Cuckoos are known to vary clinally).
Evolutionary biology: Development of both animals and plants is considered in the articles on evolution, population genetics, heredity, variation, Mendelism, reproduction.
A study of Population Genetics of Finno-Ugric speaking humans in North Eurasia carried out between 2002–2008 in the Department of Forensic Medicine at the University of Helsinki showed most of the Finno-Ugric speaking populations possess amalgamation of West and East Eurasian gene pools, genetic drift, and recurrent founder effect.
Kin selection based on Hamiliton’s Rule provides an explanation to the population genetics framework and specifies the patterns of local and family genetic makeup that results in the most favorable outcome.