Quaternion math may also be used but that is outside the scope of this article.
Renderers may be either hardware based, such that they correspond to graphics cards installed in the system or they may be software based, where the main CPU of the system handles all of the graphics command processing and final rasterization work.
JCL is almost entirely written in Java, except for the parts that need direct access to the hardware and operating system (such as for I/O, or bitmap graphics).