Objectification, treating a person as a thing, without regard to their dignity
Donald L. Horowitz argues that consociationalism can lead to the reification of ethnic divisions, since "grand coalitions are unlikely, because of the dynamics of intraethnic competition. The very act of forming a multiethnic coalition generates intraethnic competition – flanking – if it does not already exist".
; Computation: Computation is the reification of a resource to a physical resource-representation.