Carrington made the initial observations leading to the establishment of Spörer's law.
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Carrington rotation is a system for measuring solar longitude based on his observations of the low-latitude solar rotation rate.
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Because of a simultaneous "crochet" observed in the Kew Observatory magnetometer record by Balfour Stewart and a geomagnetic storm observed the following day, Carrington suspected a solar-terrestrial connection.
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Balfour Stewart reported that the magnetic storm from the Carrington Super Flare began at 05:00 GMT on the morning of September 2, 1859 as recorded by self-recording magnetograph at the Kew Observatory.