On September 30, 1933 Vagts left the Senate of Bremen and became President of a supervising body for the villages in Bremen.
He was the President of the Senate and Mayor of the German city-state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen from 1967 to 1985 and afterwards served as a member of the Bundestag, the German federal parliament, from 1987 to 1998.
As successor to Martin Wilkens, he was the Bremen senator for Food and Agriculture Department in the SPD / CDU Senate of Bremen under the leadership of William Kaisen from 1952 to 1955.
In 1949 the Senate of Bremen made him chief officer of Bremen-Blumenthal, followed by the position of Senator of Education on 29 September 1951.
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