Bilevel optimization was first realized in the field of game theory by a German economist Heinrich Freiherr von Stackelberg who published Market Structure and Equilibrium (Marktform und Gleichgewicht) in 1934 that described this hierarchical problem.
After completing his education, he served as a preacher at Överums bruk in Småland under the guidance of another deciple of Rosenius, a count Stackelberg.
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Stackelberg | Otto Magnus von Stackelberg | Stackelberg | Otto Magnus von Stackelberg (archaeologist) | Otto Magnus von Stackelberg (ambassador) |
Skwara, Dagmar/Steblin, Rita (2007): "Ein Brief Christoph Freiherr von Stackelbergs an Josephine Brunsvik-Deym-Stackelberg." A Letter by Christoph Baron von Stackelberg to Josephine Brunsvik-Deym-Stackelberg. Bonner Beethoven-Studien, vol.
One species, Turanodinia coccidarum Stackelberg, has been reared from the egg masses of Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana, a mealybug.