Polewali Mandar is mainly inhibited by the Mandar ethnic group, while Mamasa contains the Mamasan people, who are related to the ethnic group Toraja.
Before the start of the formal administration of Toraja villages by the Tana Toraja Regency, each Toraja village was autonomous.
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The Dutch missionaries' presence in the highlands gave rise to the Toraja ethnic consciousness in the Sa'dan Toraja region, and this shared identity grew with the rise of tourism in the Tana Toraja Regency.
The language spoken throughout Kalumpang is also called Kalumpang and is similar to that of the neighbouring area, Toraja.