1638: Galileo Galilei published the book "Two New Sciences" in which he examined the failure of simple structures
Part of Two New Sciences was actually groundbreaking pure mathematics, as has been pointed out by the mathematician Alfréd Rényi, who argued that it was the most significant book on mathematics in over 2000 years: Greek mathematics did not deal with motion, and so they never formulated mathematical laws of motion, even though Archimedes developed differentiation and integration.
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Later in the discussion this principle is applied to the thickness required of the bones of a large animal, possibly the first quantitative result in biology, anticipating J. B. S. Haldane's seminal work On Being the Right Size, and other essays, edited by John Maynard Smith.
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Also, they are noted for their publication in 1638 of Galileo's last work, the Two New Sciences, at a time when the Inquisition forbade the latter's writings.