Dodwell, like his father, was a keen controversialist: his opponents included Conyers Middleton, William Romaine, William Whiston, and others.
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His eldest son Henry Dodwell the younger (d. 1784) was the author of a pamphlet entitled Christianity not founded on Argument, to which a reply was published by his brother William Dodwell (1709–1785), who was concurrently engaged in a controversy with Conyers Middleton on the subject of miracles.