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The rivalry with Portugal, however, was not entirely economic: from 1580, after the battle of Ksar El Kebir, the Portuguese crown had been joined to that of Spain in an "Iberian Union" under Philip II of Spain.
Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi, the Sultan of the Saadi Dynasty from 1576 until his death at the Battle of Ksar El Kebir against Portugal in 1578