It is a diploid species, with n = 36, and hybridizes with Asplenium trichomanes to produce Asplenium × adulterinum, found on Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
The monogamy hypothesis, formulated by Jacobus Boomsma, is currently the leading hypothesis concerning the evolution of eusociality and uses Hamilton's kin selection approach in a way that applies to both haploid and diploid organisms.
The foraminiferal life-cycle involves an alternation between haploid and diploid generations, although they are mostly similar in form.
It is theorized that wheat's ancestors (Triticum monococcum, Aegilops speltoides, and Aegilops tauschii, all diploid grasses) hybridized naturally over millennia somewhere in West Asia, to create natural polyploid hybrids, the best known of which are common wheat and durum wheat.
The loganberry (Rubus × loganobaccus) is an hexaploid hybrid produced from pollination of a plant of the octaploid blackberry cultivar 'Aughinbaugh' (Rubus ursinus) by a diploid red raspberry (Rubus idaeus).
In Crepis and some other herbaceous perennial species, a polyploid complex may arise where there are at least 2 genetically isolated diploid populations, in addition to auto- and allopolyploid derivatives that coexist and interbreed (hybridise).
A Senecio and a diploid, Senecio vernalis is part of a species group along with S. flavus, S. gallicus, S. squalidus and S. glaucus who are widespread geographically and interesting for the study of genecology (the study of genetic differences in relation to the environment) and plant evolution.
The lizard genus Lacerta and fish genus Phoxinus are the only other known examples of diploid-triploid mosaicism.